English summary of the 4 number of volume 44 publishing paper

Original Paper

Title: Process and Content of American Vocational Association's Standards of Attainment in Industrial Arts Teaching,1934
Author: Yoshimi TANAKA, Ryo KINOSHITA

題目：アメリカ職業協会「産業科教育の到達目標標準」(1934年)の制定過程と内容的性質
著者：田中好美・木下龍

Abstract

Although some in the U.S.A claimed that the Standards of Attainment in Industrial Arts Teaching (authorized at the American Vocational Association convention in Pittsburgh on December 7, 1934) were influential, few Japanese technology education researchers have focused their attention on it.
The present study attempts to evaluate the production process and contents of the Standards by examining: (I) the six reports that the AVA's committee made and presented at each annual convention from 1929 to 1934, and (2) the articles of two magazines ( "Industrial Arts and Vocational Education" and "Industrial Education" ) that the committee requested to cooperate in promoting this investigation by furnishing the means of publicity and communication into the professions.
The principal results may be summarized as follows:
(1) The AVA's committee, a relatively small group guided under the leadership of R.W. Selvidge and W.T. Bawden, made a series of these reports. They tried to combine the resources of the entire field and to enlist the active interest of everyone within this profession by using the educational journals and the correspondences including the discussions at each convention.
(2) According to the final report, an outline of their process in conducting this study consisted of four steps: (1) to formulate a statement of the objectives of Industrial Arts, (2) to select some of the major industrial fields, (3) to make a detailed analysis of each field for the principal learning units involved, and (4) to arrange the teaching materials. However, the actual method of procedure was different from this, and the third step had the initiative throughout the process.
(3) The most distinctive features of the Standards seem to be, firstly, that 753 ±α unit operations and 477 ±α related information in eleven major industrial fields were identified by the detailed analysis of each of the fields as things which the students should be able to do and know by the end of the junior high school; and, secondly, that it emphasized developing in each student an active interest in industrial life and in the methods of production and distribution as the first of twelve objectives of Industrial Arts. In practice, however, the relationship between this objective and the identified operation and information was not clear enough due to the actual process in conducting this project.

Keywords: industrial arts education, American Vocational Association, Standards of Attainment in Industrial Art Teaching, trade and job analysis, curriculum development

Title: Design of a solar car driven by a DC motor
Author: Kiyonobu KUSANO

題目：直流モーターで駆動させるソーラーカーの設計
著者：草野清信

Abstract

We herein present the design of a solar car. The car has two front wheels and one rear wheel, the latter being used to drive the car. The design is based on the analysis of the equation of the motion of the car. The velocity of the car is derived as v = V_oo(1 - exp(-(t/ τ ))),Where V_oo is termed the velocity parameter and I the time constant; t is time.
Under the condition confining the parameters V_oo and τ to the ranges V_oo ≧ V_min and τ≦ τ_max respectively, the car design can be realized if the parameters ω_o (no-load rotational speed of the motor) and r/ λ (r：rear wheel radius, A :whole gear ratio) can be brought into the regions represented, respectively, by equation (35) and equation (36) in the text.

Keywords: Solar car, Equation of motion, Velocity performance, Acceleration performance, Design

Title: Development of Composite Materials Using Phytogenic Wastes
Author: Takuya UEMURA, Shigehiro ASADA

題目：植物性残さを利用した板状材料の開発
著者：植村拓哉・浅田茂裕

Abstract

For proper use of phytogenic wastes like dregs of green tea or bark, two kinds of composite materials were fabricated in this study. One was particle board made from wood particles and phytogenic wastes. The other was the green tea dregs board (GDB) made from only green tea dregs without using other materials. The physical and mechanical properties and their manufacturing condition were tasted. The results were obtained as follows:
1) The mechanical properties of particle board decreased with the addition of phytogenic wastes. The modulus of rupture exceeded the 8-type of particle board specifications (JIS A 5908), when up to 30% phytogenic wastes was used. The amount of formaldehyde emission of manufactured board decreased with the addition of phytogenic wastes.
2) In the　production of GDB, higher moisture content of the dregs caused blisters when manufactured under high target density conditions. Increasing the temperature, the time or both during the hot-pressing process increased the thickness of the GDB. All test samples expanded after the compression process, however, samples with higher moisture content expanded more than samples with low moisture content. Under high target density conditions the surface of the GDB was firm thereby improving the mechanical properties.

Keywords: phytogenic wastes, composite materials, particle board, formaldehyde emission

Title: A Study of Student's Perception about Plans on Making Artifacts
Author: Kimito Takeno

題目：ものづくりの計画に対する生徒の意識に関する研究
著者：岳野公人

Abstract

This study has two aims: I) to investigate students' perception about making artifacts and the planning of making artifacts, focusing on students' planning as an important process of making artifacts, and 2) to obtain relevant information for the instruction of making artifacts.
The investigation used Likert-type questionnaires and SD-questionnaires. Four questionnaires were used: perception about making artifacts, perception about planning the making of artifacts, an SD-questionnaire about making artifacts, and SD-questionnaire about planning the making of artifacts. The questionnaires were administered to 806 junior high school students. The findings were as follows:
1) The analysis of inter-factor relationship revealed that there was a coefficient correlation between "emotional image" and "favorable toward making artifacts." The analysis of the SD-factor scores revealed that students evaluated "value about planning" higher than "favorable toward making artifacts."
2) This study made it possible to find out whether students like making artifacts and the planning of making artifacts. It was proved that investigating students' perception before instruction helped instructors design a useful learning/teaching plan on making artifacts.

Key Words' making artifacts, planning of making artifacts, students' perception

Technical Information

Title: A Study on the ' Creative Idea ' Robot Contest in Japanese Junior High School
Author: Hiroyuki KUBOTA, Hidetoshi MIYAKAWA

題目：「創造アイデアロボコン全国中学生大会」に関する一考察
著者：久保田裕之・宮川秀俊

Abstract

This study aims to present basic data about the robot contest in technology education. A questionnaire was given to the participants of this contest: teachers, students, and guardians in the "Creative Idea' Robot Contest in Japanese Junior High School" held in Fukuoka Prefecture on December 10, 2000. The results of the questionnaire analysis revealed basic data regarding the purpose of this contest, the guidance and assistance of teachers in robotistic manufacturing, students' activity, and guardians' consciousness. It was suggested that teachers have to understand the fundamental knowledge of robotistic manufacturing in order to give students appropriate guidance and assistance in the study of robotistic manufacturing.

Keywords: robot contest, technology education, creative idea, questionnaire

Commentary

Title: Use of the Stirling engine as a material for developing creativity
Author: Masahiro MATSUNO, Naotake HIRANO, Sho KAMINAGA

題目：創造教材としてのスターリングエンジン
著者：松尾政弘・平尾尚武・神長祥

Abstract

This study aims to explore the possibility of the Stirling engine as a teaching tool. The Stifling engine is a useful teaching tool since it can help students to easily understand how energy is transformed into work energy. When appropriately used, it can motivate students, stimulate their creativity, and thus contribute to developing their creativity.
A model car in which a heat exchange vessel was carried on for the first time as a model car was developed with the trial production of a 2 piston Stirling engine. The Stirling engine has potential as a teaching tool in the sense that it can be manufactured without using a special machine tool, and that it has a room for a further modification.

Keywords: Laminated design, Regenerator, Stirling engine, Thermo dynamics, Creation and Idea