English summary of the 2 number of volume 44 publishing paper

Original Paper

Title: A Layer Type Neural Network Model for Generating a Biological Rhythm
Author: Shuji ENDO

題目：階層型神経回路による生物リズム発現機構の検討
著者：遠藤秀治

Abstract

A life body has many kinds of biological rhythms that have various frequencies and are related with all life activities. One of these, the circadian rhythm, is investigated in detail from various viewpoints. These biological rhythms, moreover, are generated by neural tissues and are controlled by the system. However, of the many reports of properties that have been published, the accurate mechanism for generating a rhythm and the control method are not well known. Therefore, the layer-type model of the neural network is proposed here. It consists of three layers.
Making the teacher signal from a desired rhythm wave, the synaptic weights are adjusted by Back Propagation learning. After the learning, the model keeps the information of the input wave; therefore the model can generate the same rhythm. In this paper, simulations with sine waves, distorted sine waves, and superimposed noise on sine waves are performed by a computer. This model corresponded to the mechanism of generating a biological rhythm. Additionally, this research is applicable to the technical area of making electrical circuit designs.

Keywords: biological rhythms, a layer type neural network, neural units, Back Propagation learning, synaptic weights

Title: A Study on Hidekichi OKAYAMA's Educational Value, Focused on the Teaching Materials for Manual Training ]]course at the Japanese Elementary Schools
Author: Yoshiaki HIRADATE, Ken-ichi SAKAGUCHI

題目：岡山秀吉の教材論にみる小学校手工科の教育的価値
著者：平舘善明・坂口謙一

Abstract

Hidekichi OKAYAMA's educational values, as revealed through his teaching materials for the manual training course in Japanese elementary schools, consisted of the combination of two axes. First, the vertical axis OKAYAMA called "educational values", was composed of the elements of the abilities that should develop in each child during the lessons of the manual training course. Second, the horizontal axis was composed of some units of the teaching materials, called saiku, that were each given a particular role. The teaching materials under each unit from the first to ninth grade were formed and developed in accordance with the procedure of regular law. The various constitution elements of his "educational values" were, so to speak, the elements of the abilities that should develop in each child I. during the manual training course lessons. Additionally, the organization of the teaching materials was the route that formed and developed these abilities in the children. When OKAYAMA's educational values were analyzed further, the substantial aspects of these abilities was found to be more important than the formal aspects of them.

Keywords: Hidekichi OKAYAMA, Manual Training Course, Educational Value, Teaching Material, Educational Manual Training

Title: A study on the Influence of the Experience in the First Coating with a Brush
Author: Yoshihisa OKAMURA

題目：刷毛を用いた下塗り作業における経験の影響
著者：岡村吉永

Abstract

A study was conducted to evaluate coating skills for the purpose of improving of coating leaning in industrial arts and homemaking courses. For this article, the object of the research was to examine the relationship between experience and skill of applying a first coat for twenty painters. The items used for the evaluation were the forces that are applied in three directions (x, y, and z) to the surface from the brush, the moving distance of the brush, the speed of brush, and the quantity of paint on the brush at the time of coating. The results show that there is a good correlation between the speed of the brush and the experience of the painter. The difference in experience was seen in the variance and the mean of the force in the A direction and the moving distance of the brush. It turns out that the moving distance of the brush is long and fast for painters of ripe experiences.

Keywords: Brush painting, first coat, evaluation of the coat skill, experience, painter

Technical Information

Title: A Study on the Consciousness of Industrial Arts Teachers and Junior High School Students about the Class Size
Author: Seiji HIRATA

題目：学校規模に関する技術科教師と中学生の意識
著者：平田晴路

Abstract

The industrial arts teachers who teach though practice should be very interested in class size. However, there has been no consciousness investigation of class size on industrial arts teachers. As there also extremely few reports of consciousness investigation of class size on students, the consciousness of students has not been examined enough. In this research, the consciousness of industrial arts teachers and junior high school students in Niigata Prefecture in regards to class size was investigated. The following results were obtained:
1) Many industrial arts teachers wished for about 30 students per class. However, many junior ugh school students liked 36-40 students per class, which matched the current Status.
2) In classes of 20-30 students, industrial ads teachers strongly admit educational effects. Junior high school students thought that the positive effects Were not large and that negative effects existed.
3) The consciousness of both industrial ads teachers and junior high school students was analyzed by factor analysis on the positive effects and negative effects Of the small number students in a class. For both groups, the first factor related to the normalization of teaching and class, the second factor related to the activation of the group and the interpersonal relationships. Therefore, if these two main factors are satisfied in teaching and class, he small number students per class would be preferable for both groups.

Keywords: Industrial arts teacher, Junior high school student, Class size, Number of students in a class, Small number students class, Teaching

Title: The process of establishing the Subject "Science and Technology" and development of the Curriculum for Technology field in the Secondary School Attached to the Faculty of Education of The University of Tokyo
Author: Makoto ARIKAWA, Mitsumasa HONDA, Takeo SAMAKI

題目：東京大学教育学部附属中等教育学校における「科学・技術科」の設置過程と技術分野のカリキュラムの検討
著者：有川誠・本多満正・左巻健男

Abstract

In April 2000 in the Secondary School Attached to the Faculty of Education of the University of Tokyo, the subject "Technology and Home Economics" was abolished and the new subject of "Science and Technology" was established. The present investigation was initiated to explore the process of establishing the "Science and Technology" subject. The relationship between the two subjects of Technology and Home Economics, and the relationship between the three subjects of Technology, Science and Mathematics were analyzed. This historical analysis revealed both similar and different points in these two curricula. First, it is shown that the timetable of subject "Science and Technology" should be divided into individual timetables for the Science field and the Technology field. Second, the standard viewpoints on the contents and arrangement of the six years of the practical curricula for the Technology field are analyzed. Third, problems of the new subject "Science and Technology" are clarified based on a questionnaire given to students having taken the subject "Science and Technology" for half a year.

Keywords: secondary school, "science and technology" subject, technology education, science education, development of curriculum

Commentary

Title: Technology Education of Secondary Education in the U.S.A.
Author: Hidetoshi MIYAKAWA

題目：米国の技術教育　−中等教育を主として−
著者：宮川秀俊

Abstract

First, in order to survey the history of Technology Education in the U.S.A., the history of AIAA (American Industrial Arts Association), which was established in 1939, and that of ITEA (International Technology Education Association), to which AIAA changed it's name in 1985, are introduced based on the resources published by ITEA. Second, the current situation of Technology Education is summarized based on the data collected during visits to institutions of primary and secondary education, and institutions of higher education hat provide teacher Raining. In the second section, topics that are discussed include fundamental aspects of education such as textbooks and teaching materials or tools, contents and methods of teacher Raining, and other related topics. In order to survey the future direction of Technology Education in the U.S.A., research was conducted with regards to the literature on the bend of a TAA (Technology for All Americans) project whose base is ITEA. The material was collected and examined during a direct stay at the office. This research was concretely organized so that it can be the reference for the future of Japanese Technology Education. That is to say, current issues can receive suggestions based on the characteristic contents of Technology Education in the U.S.A.

Keywords.. the U.S.A., Technology Education, AIAA, ITEA, TAA, Standard

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